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Guides and solved exercises, subject by subject.
Ancient Greek
3 articles Ancient Greek Ancient Greek Article: Full Table and 8 Solved Exercises The Greek article has 3 genders and 4 cases: ὁ, ἡ, τό in the nominative. Full table, attributive vs predicate position, common errors, 8 solved exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Ancient Greek Greek Accents and Breathings: Rules + 8 Solved Exercises Smooth or rough breathing, acute, grave and circumflex: the tables, the two laws that decide where the accent falls, 8 exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Ancient Greek The Greek Alphabet: 24 Letters and Pronunciation All 24 Greek letters with names, transliteration and classroom pronunciation, plus final sigma, nasal gamma and the breathings. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Art History
3 articles Art History Romanesque Art: Key Features, Examples and 8 Exercises Romanesque art (11th-12th century) uses round arches, stone vaults and thick walls to carry the thrust. A summary with tables, examples and 8 solved exercises. Grade 8 · Grade 9 Art History Roman Art: Summary, Key Works and 9 Solved Exercises Roman art took Etruscan and Greek forms and added the arch, the vault and concrete. Periods, wall techniques and key works in tables. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Art History Ancient Greek Art: The 4 Periods and 3 Orders Explained From Geometric to Hellenistic: the four periods with dates, the three orders in one table, and sculpture from kouros to contrapposto. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Biology
3 articles Biology Mitosis vs Meiosis: Differences, Phases & 7 Solved Exercises Mitosis makes 2 identical cells (2n); meiosis makes 4 different cells (n). Get comparison tables, the phases in order and 7 exercises solved step by step. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Biology Cell Structure and Function: Every Organelle Explained The three structures every cell has, what each organelle does in a comparison table, and how plant and animal cells differ. Grade 8 · Grade 9 Biology Mendelian genetics: Mendel's laws with solved exercises Mendel's three laws explained simply: genotype, phenotype and the Punnett square, with 5 solved, verified exercises and 3 FAQs for review. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Chemistry
3 articles Chemistry Stoichiometry: 7 Solved Problems, Step by Step Stoichiometry turns a balanced equation into a mole ratio linking grams, moles and gas volume. Learn the 4-step method with 7 solved problems and tables. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Chemistry Moles and molar mass: solved exercises step by step What a mole is, how to calculate molar mass and how to convert between grams, moles and number of particles, with solved exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Chemistry Balancing Chemical Equations: Solved Exercises Step by Step How to balance a chemical equation using coefficients, step by step, with five solved exercises of increasing difficulty and verified answers. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Economics
3 articles Economics Inflation: Formula, Causes and Effects + 7 Exercises Inflation = (final index − initial index) / initial index × 100. Learn the causes, types and effects on wages and savings, with tables and 7 solved exercises. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Economics GDP: 3 Formulas for Gross Domestic Product + 9 Exercises GDP is calculated three ways: expenditure C+I+G+X−M, value added, income. Formulas, nominal vs real GDP, the deflator and 9 step-by-step solved exercises. Grade 10 · Grade 11 · Grade 12 Economics Supply and Demand: Summary and Market Equilibrium The two curves, equilibrium price, shifts versus movements along the curve, surplus, shortage and price elasticity, explained simply. Grade 11 · Grade 12
Geography
3 articles Geography Earthquakes: P and S Waves, Magnitude & 8 Solved Problems An earthquake is a sudden release of energy along a fault: the focus is where it starts, magnitude is how big it is. Tables, scales and 8 solved problems. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Geography Volcanoes Explained: The 4 Types and How Eruptions Work The four types of volcano in one table, how a volcano is built, why it erupts, and how it differs from an ordinary mountain. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Geography Structure of the Earth: The Layers Explained Simply Crust, mantle, outer and inner core: the layers of the Earth, the discontinuities between them and what seismic waves reveal. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8
Geometry
3 articles Geometry Geometric Mean Theorem: 8 Solved Exercises + Chart In a right triangle each leg is the geometric mean of the hypotenuse and its projection: a² = c·p, and h² = p·q. Tables, when to use each, 8 exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Geometry Circumference and Area of a Circle: Formulas + Exercises The formulas for circumference (C = 2πr) and area of a circle (A = πr²), how to find the radius backwards, with solved exercises. Grade 8 · Grade 9 Geometry Area and Perimeter of Polygons: Solved Exercises The difference between area and perimeter, the formulas for the most common polygons and five exercises solved step by step. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8
History
3 articles History Roman Empire: Summary in 10 Dates + 7 Exercises The Roman Empire began in 27 BC with Augustus and fell in the West in AD 476. Ten key dates, the complete emperor table and 7 solved exercises with full steps. Grade 8 · Grade 9 History Ancient Greece: Simple Summary with Key Dates The polis, Athens and Sparta, the Persian Wars, Pericles and Alexander the Great, with the essential dates in one timeline. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 History Ancient Egypt: Simple Summary, Key Dates and Exercises The Nile, the pharaoh, society, religion and hieroglyphs, with the essential dates of Ancient Egypt in one timeline. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8
Italian Grammar Analysis
4 articles Italian Grammar Analysis English Adjectives: Order, Comparatives and 8 Exercises An adjective describes a noun and never changes for number. Word order, -er/-est and more/most rules, common mistakes and 8 exercises solved step by step. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Italian Grammar Analysis English Nouns: 6 Types, Plural Rules and 8 Exercises A noun names a person, place, thing or idea. The six types, every plural spelling rule with its exceptions and irregulars, and 8 exercises solved step by step. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Italian Grammar Analysis Definite and Indefinite Articles: Rules and Exercises 'The' points to something specific, 'a' and 'an' introduce something general. The rules, the exceptions and five solved exercises. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Italian Grammar Analysis How to Do Grammatical Analysis: Parts of Speech Grammatical analysis labels every word with its part of speech. The nine parts, a step-by-step method and five solved sentences. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8
Italian Sentence Analysis
3 articles Italian Sentence Analysis Linking Verbs and the Nominal Predicate: 8 Exercises An action verb builds a verbal predicate; a linking verb plus a subject complement builds a nominal one. Full table, tricky verbs and 8 solved exercises. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Italian Sentence Analysis The Subject of a Sentence: How to Find It The subject is what the predicate says something about: find it by asking the verb who? or what?. Tricky cases and five solved sentences. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Italian Sentence Analysis How to Do Sentence Analysis: Subject and Predicate Sentence analysis identifies what each group of words does: subject, verb, objects and adverbials. Step-by-step guide, five solved sentences. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8
Latin
3 articles Latin Latin Second Declension: Table and 8 Solved Exercises Spot it by the genitive in -i: full tables for dominus, puer, ager and neuter bellum, the vocative in -e, neuter plurals in -a and 8 solved exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Latin Latin First Declension: Endings, Chart and Exercises How to recognise the Latin first declension, the full chart of endings, masculine nouns like nauta and the dative in -abus. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Latin The Five Latin Declensions: Guide with Worked Exercises How to spot the five Latin declensions from the genitive, the six cases and all their endings, with five worked exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Law
3 articles Law Sources of Law: Hierarchy, Types and 7 Solved Exercises Sources of law are ranked: constitution, statutes, regulations, case law, custom. See how conflicts are resolved, with clear tables and 7 solved exercises. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Law Forms of State and Government: Tables + 7 Exercises Form of state is about power and citizens; form of government is about how power is split between institutions. Comparison tables and 7 solved exercises. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Law The Italian Constitution: Articles 1-12 Explained Articles 1-12 of the Italian Constitution explained one by one, from labour to substantive equality and the repudiation of war. Grade 11 · Grade 12
Mathematics
10 articles Mathematics Special Products: Formulas and 8 Solved Exercises The square of a binomial is (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b², never a² + b². Get every formula, a mistakes table and 8 solved exercises, step by step with checks. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Mathematics Proportions: 8 Solved Exercises and the 4 Properties In a proportion the product of the means equals the product of the extremes: that one rule finds any missing term. 8 solved exercises, tables and typical mistakes. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Mathematics Percentages: Solved Exercises and Formulas Explained How to calculate a percentage step by step: discounts, increases and reverse percentages, with five solved and verified exercises from easy to advanced. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Mathematics Operations With Fractions: Solved Exercises Step by Step Add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions with the common denominator and the reciprocal rule, plus five solved exercises. Grade 6 · Grade 7 · Grade 8 Mathematics Laws of Exponents: Solved Exercises Step by Step The rules for multiplying, dividing and raising powers, plus zero and negative exponents, with five solved exercises. Grade 8 · Grade 9 Mathematics Pythagorean Theorem: 9 Solved Exercises, Step by Step Find the hypotenuse or a missing leg with c² = a² + b². Nine exercises solved step by step, plus the triples worth memorising. Grade 8 · Grade 9 Mathematics Systems of Equations: Substitution and Elimination Solve a system of two linear equations by substitution and by elimination, step by step, with five solved and verified exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Mathematics Linear Inequalities: Solved Exercises and the Sign-Flip Rule How to solve a linear inequality step by step, and the one rule that flips the inequality sign, with five solved exercises. Grade 8 · Grade 9 Mathematics Linear Equations: Step-by-Step Solved Exercises How to solve a linear (first-degree) equation by isolating the unknown, with five solved exercises of increasing difficulty and verified answers. Grade 7 · Grade 8 Mathematics Quadratic Equations: Solved Exercises From Easy to Hard How to solve a quadratic equation with the quadratic formula, step by step, plus four solved exercises of increasing difficulty with verified answers. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Philosophy
3 articles Philosophy Plato's Philosophy: Summary, Tables and 7 Solved Exercises Plato says the world we see is a copy of eternal Forms, with the Good on top. Summary with tables on the cave, the soul and the ideal state, plus 7 exercises. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Philosophy Socrates: Method, Ideas and 8 Solved Exercises Socrates wrote nothing, and his method has two stages: irony and maieutics. Summary with tables, common mistakes and 8 exercises. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Philosophy The Presocratics: A Clear Summary with a Chart Who the Presocratics were and what they argued: the archē, Miletus, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides and Democritus, with a summary chart. Grade 11 · Grade 12
Physics
3 articles Physics Free Fall: Formulas and 7 Solved Exercises In free fall v = g · t and h = ½ · g · t², with g = 9.8 m/s². Here are the three formulas, the metres-per-second table, typical errors and 7 solved exercises. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Physics Uniformly Accelerated Motion: Solved Exercises and Formulas The three formulas of uniformly accelerated motion, when to use each one, and five exercises solved and verified step by step. Grade 9 · Grade 10 Physics Uniform Motion: Solved Exercises and Formula Solve uniform (constant-velocity) motion problems step by step with s = s₀ + v·t and practise with five solved, verified exercises, from easy to advanced. Grade 9 · Grade 10
Psychology
3 articles Psychology Freud and Psychoanalysis: Id, Ego, Superego and 7 Exercises Freud's psychoanalysis splits the mind into id, ego and superego and reads dreams as disguised repressed wishes. Summary with tables, mistakes and exercises. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Psychology Operant Conditioning: Skinner's 4 Cases in One Table Reinforcement or punishment, positive or negative: the four cases in one table with examples. Plus 9 solved exercises and all five reinforcement schedules. Grade 11 · Grade 12 Psychology Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Summary and Diagram Unconditioned and conditioned stimulus, acquisition, extinction, generalization and discrimination, explained through Pavlov's experiment. Grade 11 · Grade 12
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